Here are a couple of related jobs that could be in a movie:
1. Disabling a terrorist weapon. When you find a mysterious box in NYC making ticking noises and emitting radiation, who you gonna call?
2. Forensics and attribution. When 1 fails how do you figure out what happened and who is responsible?
IIRC from a Tom Clancy novel that dealt with that (Sum of All Fears?) the precise mix of isotopes in the fallout can pinpoint exactly where the material was refined, which can help pinpoint where it might've been lost
Always wondered whether that was something Tom Clancy had actually researched or whether he pulled it out of his ass.
Isotopic origin analysis is a very real technique, and it can be used for more than just nuclear materials. For example, it's often possible to pinpoint which mine a sample of metal ore came from. It's not foolproof, of course, and it requires a lot of data to pull off usefully, but it sure isn't fiction.
Something that bothered me about the book:
Yes, looking at a sample of material it's feasible to match it up with known samples. But after the detonation that makes no sense at all. Everything's been vaporized and mixed with what's around. And a lot of stuff has been transmuted.
Identifying it if they found the bomb would be one thing, identifying it after detonation makes no sense at all to me.
I think the idea is that you mostly sample the decay products, which are either going to be descended from neutron-activated non-radioactive material from the surrounding area and can be filtered out in analysis, or are going to be more exotic decay products from the nuclear material, which will have isotopes in proportion to those in the original nuclear material. But yeah, IDK how feasible it would be to filter out the immense amount of fallout from the remnants of the bomb
Every atom ends up separated from every other atom. Why do you think you can get an accurate measure of the impurities after it's mixed with the stuff around? And after those impurities get altered by the neutron flux.
I do think you can get a reasonable estimate of the ratio of the plutonium isotopes that made up the bomb because the natural occurrence rate of plutonium is exceedingly low and we have a good understanding of what would happen to it in the detonation.
I think Clancy simply needed a smoking gun as to the origin.
There are some radioactive species that occur only as fission fragments -- no irradiation of naturally occurring isotopes will reasonably produce them -- and so from there you can get back to the original isotopic composition of the fissioning materials. There are enough tell-tale signs of each of the major isotopes that it is easier to separate them out than you might think. It is very, very possible, for example, to use a neutrino detector to tell exactly what is going on inside a nuclear reactor's core, which is not something you might realize is possible until you've seen it done! (But neutrino detectors are very large, must be placed very close in, and are very, ah, obvious things to have around.)
This analysis is quite difficult, and I don't know that it has ever been done on an actual detonation (at least, no one admits to doing it; not that there have been terribly many opportunities to practice this), but there is no reason it can't be done.
(You're probably right that Clancy took some authorial license, though.)
For an example of what is possible, see the ruthenium mess in Europe from a few years back: https://cen.acs.org/safety/industrial-safety/caused-plume-ra... or https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16316-3 among others.
Wrt disabling enemy satellites by destroying them to pieces, we can create more problems, the so called space debris chain reaction Kessler Syndrome.
Watch at 0:40 @ Space War is Real, Here's How it Works
> Kessler Syndrome is a hypothetical scenario, proposed by NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978, where a chain reaction of collisions between space debris and satellites leads to a catastrophic increase in debris, potentially rendering Earth's orbit unusable. This increase in debris would make space travel and communication more dangerous and difficult.
Can countries actively plan strategies to use Kessler Syndrome to their advantage? Can Starlink satellites be destroyed easily by this method since they are present in the same orbit?